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CMOS IC Design for Wireless Medical and Health Care, Springer, 2014
سرفصلها:
1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
1.1 Emerging Wireless Medical and Health Care Applications .............. 1
1.2 Technology Trends ............................................................................. 3
1.3 What to Expect in This Book ............................................................. 8
References ................................................................................................... 9
2 System Architecture and Design Considerations ................................... 11
2.1 Wireless Capsule Endoscope ............................................................. 11
2.2 Wireless Ligament Balance Measuring System
in Total Knee Arthroplasty ................................................................ 13
2.3 General System Architecture ............................................................. 16
2.4 Design Considerations for PBS and SID ........................................... 18
2.5 Choices of PBS and WBAN Transceivers ......................................... 19
References ................................................................................................... 21
3 Biomedical Signal Acquisition Circuits .................................................. 25
3.1 Biomedical Sensors ............................................................................ 25
3.2 Sensor Interface Circuits .................................................................... 28
3.2.1 Interface Circuit to Capacitive Sensors .................................. 28
3.2.2 Instrument Amplifi er for Voltage Sensor Interface ................ 31
3.3 Digitization Circuit ............................................................................ 45
3.3.1 Design Considerations ........................................................... 45
3.3.2 A Cyclic Analog-to-Digital Conversion Circuit .................... 46
3.3.3 Voltage–Pulse Conversion ..................................................... 55
3.4 A Capacitive Sensor Readout Circuit ................................................ 66
References ................................................................................................... 70
4 WBAN Transceiver Design ....................................................................... 73
4.1 Narrow Band Short Range Wireless Transceivers ............................. 73
4.1.1 Frequency Bands for WBAN Transceivers ............................ 73
4.1.2 Link Budget for Through-Body Communication .................. 75
4.2 A 2.4 GHz SID Transmitter ............................................................... 77
4.2.1 Transmitter Architecture ........................................................ 78
4.2.2 Building Blocks ..................................................................... 79
4.2.3 Measurement Results ............................................................. 82
4.3 A 400 MHz 3 Mbps SID Transceiver ................................................ 84
4.3.1 Transceiver Architecture ........................................................ 84
4.3.2 ULP Circuit Design Techniques ............................................ 86
4.3.3 Measurement Results ............................................................. 88
4.4 A Multiband Multimode PBS Transceiver......................................... 90
4.4.1 Reconfi gurable Architecture .................................................. 90
4.4.2 Circuits Design ...................................................................... 94
4.4.3 Implementation Results ......................................................... 101
4.5 DCOC Circuits for Low Power Receiver ........................................... 108
4.5.1 Offset Models and Calibration Method ................................. 109
4.5.2 DCOC Architecture and Circuit Design ................................ 114
4.5.3 Measurement Results ............................................................. 115
References ................................................................................................... 119
5 Other Important Circuits ......................................................................... 121
5.1 Power Management............................................................................ 121
5.1.1 Integrated Power Management Circuit .................................. 121
5.1.2 Wireless Power Switch .......................................................... 127
5.1.3 Power Harvesting from PZTs ................................................ 135
5.2 Low Power Digital Controller for SIDs ............................................. 144
5.2.1 SID Controller Design ........................................................... 145
5.2.2 Subthreshold MCU ................................................................ 151
5.2.3 Accelerator Design Example: A JPEG-LS Compressor ........ 155
References ................................................................................................... 161
6 SoC Design and Application Systems ...................................................... 163
6.1 Wireless Capsule Endoscope SoC and Application System .............. 163
6.1.1 Wireless Capsule Endoscope SoC ......................................... 163
6.1.2 Wireless Capsule Endoscope System .................................... 173
6.2 SoC for Wireless Ligament Balance Measuring
in TKA and the Application System .................................................. 176
6.2.1 SoC for Wireless Ligament Balance Measuring in TKA ...... 176
6.2.2 Wireless Ligament Balance Measuring System in TKA ....... 180
6.2.3 Lab Experimental Results and Clinic Experiments ............... 181
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Abstract
Objective To examine the effectiveness of an intervention that
combined continuing medical education with process
improvement methods to implement “office systems” to
improve the delivery of preventive care to children.
Design Randomised trial in primary care practices.
Setting Private paediatric and family practices in two areas of
North Carolina.
Participants Random sample of 44 practices allocated to
intervention and control groups.
Intervention Practice based continuing medical education in
which project staff coached practice staff in reviewing
performance and identifying, testing, and implementing new
care processes (such as chart screening) to improve delivery of
preventive care.
Main outcome measure Change over time in the proportion of
children aged 24-30 months who received age appropriate care
for four preventive services (immunisations, and screening for
tuberculosis, anaemia, and lead).
Results The proportion of children per practice with age
appropriate delivery of all four preventive services changed,
after a one year period of implementation, from 7% to 34% in
intervention practices and from 9% to 10% in control practices.
After adjustment for baseline differences in the groups, the
change in the prevalence of all four services between the
beginning and the end of the study was 4.6-fold greater (95%
confidence interval 1.6 to 13.2) in intervention practices. Thirty
months after baseline, the proportion of children who were up
to date with preventive services was higher in intervention than
in control practices; results for screening for tuberculosis (54% v
32%), lead (68% v 30%), and anaemia (79% v 71%) were
statistically significant (P < 0.05).
Conclusion Continuing education combined with process
improvement methods is effective in increasing rates of delivery
of preventive care to children.
Heather A. Joseph, MPH,a Robin Shrestha-Kuwahara, MPH,a Diane Lowry, MPH, MSW,a Lauren A. Lambert, MPH,a
Adelisa L. Panlilio, MD, MPH,b Beth G. Raucher, MD, MSHCM,c James M. Holcombe, MPPA,d Jan Poujade, RN, MS,e
Diane M. Rasmussen, RN,f and Maureen Wilce, MSa
Atlanta, Georgia, New York, New York, Jackson, Mississippi, Portland, Oregon, and Kansas City, Missouri
Background: Despite the known risk of tuberculosis (TB) to health care workers (HCWs), research suggests that many are not fully
adherent with local TB infection control policies. The objective of this exploratory study was to identify factors influencing HCWs’
adherence to policies for routine tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) and treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI).
Methods: Sixteen focus groups were conducted with clinical and nonclinical staff at 2 hospitals and 2 health departments.
Participants were segmented by adherence to TST or LTBI treatment policies. In-depth, qualitative analysis was conducted to
identify facilitators and barriers to adherence.
Results: Among all focus groups, common themes included the perception that the TSTwas mandatory, the belief that conducting
TSTs at the work site facilitated adherence, and a general misunderstanding about TB epidemiology and pathogenesis. Adherent
groups more commonly mentioned facilitators, such as the perception that periodic tuberculin skin testing was protective and the
employee health (EH) provision of support services. Barriers, such as the logistic difficulty in obtaining the TST, the perception that
LTBI treatment was harmful, and a distrust of EH, emerged consistently in nonadherent groups.
Conclusions: This information may be used to develop more effective interventions for promoting HCW adherence to TB
prevention policies. Informed efforts can be implemented in coordination with reevaluations of infection control and EH programs
that may be prompted by the publication of the revised TB infection control guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention in 2005. (Am J Infect Control 2004;32:456-61.)